Introduction A nanomachine is smaller than 1 micrometer. Its size is in the nano range. A single human blood cell is about 5 micrometers in size. The machines are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye when they move. However, some are visible with the aid of an electron microscope. An…
Introduction Metabolic pathways are biochemical pathways that involve the transformation of chemical substances. These biochemical pathways can occur in multi-cellular organisms, such as humans, animals, plants, and single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and archaea. The metabolic pathways in these organisms can vary in size. Some involve few reactions, while others are complex connections with multiple…
Introduction Metabolism is how cells can synthesize vitamins, hormones, and other substances from the nutrients they receive from digested food. The basic elements of metabolism include organic molecules (the products of living organisms), inorganic molecules (compounds like water or minerals), macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, and energy. This article will define metabolism, explore…
Introduction The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotes. This organelle is located near the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, but it does not directly contact these structures. The name “Golgi” comes from Camillo Golgi, who first discovered the structure in 1898. This article will discuss how the Golgi apparatus works, what its Function…
Introduction The enzyme lactase is an enzyme that is produced naturally in humans to break down lactose. The name comes from the Latin word “lac,” meaning milk, and the Greek word “sucrase,” meaning sugar. Lactase is usually produced during lactation, but production decreases at weaning and finally ceases at the end. However, studies have shown…
Introduction The endomembrane system is a collection of membrane-bound transport vesicles and tubes that operate in the cytoplasm. It comprises discrete organelles that control, regulate and facilitate different processes. The endomembrane system is associated with nearly all cellular processes, for example, the synthesis of lipids and proteins. It also facilitates the transport of materials between…
Cell cycle checkpoints are specific genetic or biochemical signals that monitor different phases of cell division and arrest progression through the cell cycle if a problem is detected…
The Citric Acid Cycle is a major metabolic pathway found in both plants and animals. The cycle produces ATP, the body’s cellular energy currency, and other small molecules that are either used for biosynthesis or to regulate metabolism. This article will describe what the Citric Acid Cycle is, how it works, its reactants and products…
Plant cells contain mitochondria. The number and size of mitochondria can vary, depending on cell type and how active it is. Mitochondria in plant and animal cells differ. This blog post will explore everything you need to know about these important organelles!
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle (CAC), is an eight-step enzymatic pathway in the mitochondria matrix. Its purpose is to oxidize acetate, alpha-ketoglutarate and malate into carbon dioxide and water for energy while converting NADH into NAD+…This blog post will explore what the Krebs cycle is, what it does to our bodies, and how we can use this information for better health….
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